1.Alkharabsheh, H.M., Mwadalu, R., Mochoge, B., Danga, B., Raza, M.A., Seleiman, M.F. and Khan, N. 2023. Revitalizing the biochemical soil properties of degraded Coastal soil using Prosopis juliflora biochar. Life, 13: 2098.

2.Andrew, R.L., Kane, N.C., Baute, G.J., Grassa, C.J. and Rieseberg, L.H. 2013. Recent Nonhybrid Origin of Maize Ecotypes in a Novel Habitat. Mole. Ecol. , 223: 799–813.

3.Brady, N.C. and Weil, R.R. 2017. The nature and properties of soil. 15th Edition. Pearson Education. Essex, England, pp. 1104.

4.Chapman, H. 1965. Cation-exchange capacity 1. In A. G. Norman Ed., Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, pp. 891–901.

5.Chappa, L.P. 2023. Soil chemical properties and maize Helianthus annuus L productivity responses to sunn Hemp intercropping and mineral fertilizer application in Dodoma, Tanzania. MSc Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.

6.Chappa, L.R., Mugwe, J., Maitra, S. and Ireri, G.H. 2022. Current status and prospects of improving Maize production in Tanzania through intercropping with Sunn Hemp. Int. J. Biores. Sci., 9:1–8.

7.Cheptoek, R.P., Mochoge, B., Kisaka, O.M., Otieno, E., Maitra, S., Nasar, J. and Seleiman, M.F. 2021. Maize productivity, economic returns and phosphorus use efficiency as influenced by lime, Minjingu Rock Phosphate and NPK inorganic fertilizer. International Journal of Bioresource Science, 8: 47–60.

8.Chikuvire, T.J., Mpepereki, S. and Foti, R. 2007. Soil fertility variability in sandy soils and implications for nutrient management by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 302: 69–87.

9.Egeru A. 2012. Water Productivity in Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities for Smallholder Farmers in the Drylands of Eastern and Southern Africa. Makerere University Department of Environmental Management, pp. 1.

10.El Baroudy, A. 2016. Mapping and evaluating land suitability using a GIS-based model. Catena, 140: 96–104.

11.Emiru, N. and Gebrekidan, H. 2013. Effect of land-use changes and soil depth on soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus contents of soils in Senbat Watershed, Western Ethiopia. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8: 206–2012.

12.Emmanuely, N.Z., Massawe, B.J., Chappa, L.R., Nhunda, D.M., Seleiman, M.F. and Ali, N. 2024. Optimizing Sunflower Production through the use of GIS-based Soil Fertility Management Strategy. Cogent Food Agric., 10: 2390685.

13.FAO- Food and Agriculture Organization. 1976. A framework for land evaluation: Soils Bulletin 32, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

14.FAO- Food and Agriculture Organization. 2017. Regional Overview of Food Insecurity and Nutrition: The Food Security and Nutrition-Conflict Nexus: Building Resilience for Food Security, Nutrition and Peace. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Accra.

15.Girari, G.I, Shadrack, N., Kamau, S., Gachene, C.K.K., Karanja, N.N. and Schulte-Geldermann, E. 2020. Agronomic assessment of phosphorus efficacy for potato (Solanum tuberosum L) under legume intercrops. J. Plant Nutri., 43: 864878.

16.Goher, R., Alkharabsheh, H.M., Seleiman, M.F., Diatta, A.A., Wasonga, D.O., Khan, G.R. and Akmal, M. 2023. Impacts of heat shock on productivity and quality of Triticum aestivum L. at different growth stages. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 511: 13090.

17.Hailu, A.H., Kibret, K. and Gebrekidan, H. 2015. Characterization and classification of soils of Kabe Subwatershed in South Wollo Zone, Northeastern Ethiopia. African J. Soil Sci., 37: 134 – 146.

18.Hamzeh, S., Mokarram, M. and Alavipanah, S.K. 2014. Combination of Fuzzy and AHP methods to assess land suitability for barley: Case Study of semi-arid lands in the southwest of Iran. Desert, 19: 173–181.

19.Hollinger, S.E. and Angel, J.R. 2009. Weather and crops. In: Illinois Agronomy Handbook Emerson N, Illinois, pp. 11–12.

20.Jamal, N., Ahmad, M., Tang, L. and Chou, X. 2020. Maize/ soybeans intercropping increases nutrient uptake, crop yield and modifies soil physio-chemical characteristics and enzymatic activities in a subtropical humid region based in Southwest China. BMC Plant Biol., 24: 434.

21.Kaaya, A.K., Msanya, B.M. and Mrema, J.P. 1994. Soils and land evaluation of part of the Sokoine University of Agriculture farm Tanzania for some crops under rainfed conditions. African Study Monographs, 152: 97–117.

22.Kalala, A.M., Msanya, B.M., Amuri, N.A. and Semoka, J.M. 2017. Pedological Characterization of Some Typical Alluvial Soils of Kilombero District, Tanzania. American J. Agric. Forest, 51: 1–11.

23.Kihoro, J., Bosco, N. and Murage, H. 2013. Suitability analysis for rice growing sites using a multi-criteria evaluation and GIS approach in great Mwea region, Kenya. Int. J. Sci. Emerg. Technol., 21: 12–20.

24.Kimaro, D.N. and Hieronimo, P. 2014. Land for agriculture in Tanzania: Challenges and opportunities. J. Land Society, 11: 91–102.

25.Krishna, T.G., Maitra, S., Sairam, M., Maheswari, N., Hemasree, K.R. and Ray, S. 2024. Precision Nutrient Management and Plant Stand Influence the Growth and Productivity of Maize under North Eastern Ghat Region of Odisha, India. Int. J. Biores. Sci., 11: 191–204.

26.Kumar, E.S, Mandal, T.K, Mishra, G.C., Barman, S. and Maitra, S. 2019. Effect of intercropping summer Helianthus annuus L. with legumes on yield attributes and productivity of crops. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Biotechnol., 123: 281–285.

27.Maitra, S., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Rezaei-Chiyaneh, E., Battaglia, L. and Hossain, A. 2023. Cultivating sustainability: A comprehensive review on intercropping in a changing climate. Res. Crop., 244: 702–715.

28.Maitra, S., Sairam, M., Ray, S., Santosh, D. T., Gaikwad, D. J., Gitari, H., Mukesh, G. and Maheswari, N. 2024. Applauding soil quality improvement through legumebased intercropping system: A review. Int. J. Biores. Sci. 11: 59-69.

29.Marx, E., Hart, J. and Stevens, R. 1999. Soil Test Interpretation Guide. Oregon State University Extension Service.

30.Massawe, B.J., Nungula, E.Z., Chappa, L.R., Nhunda, D.M., Seleiman, M.F. and Ali, N. 2024. Multicriteria Land Suitability Assessment for Cassava and Bean Production using Integration of GIS and AHP. Cogent Food Agric., 10: 2333316.

31.Mehlich, A. 1978. New extractant for soil test evaluation of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium, manganese, and zinc. Compiled Soil Science. Plant Anal Analyses, 9: 477–492.

32.Michelle, A.O. 2021. Assessing the suitability of selected areas in Kiambu, Kajiado and Machakos counties for the production of capsicum (Capsicum annuum). Master Thesis. Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. http://irlibrary. ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/23321.

33.Mochoge, B.E., Ireri, G.H. and Danga, B.O. 2015. Effect of lime and goat manure on soil acidity and maize (Zea mays) growth parameters at Kavutiri, Embu County - Central Kenya. J. Soil Sci. Environ. Manage., 6: 275–283.

34.Moges, T. and Ajanaw, N. 2020. Land suitability evaluation for sorghum crop by using GIS and AHP techniques in Agamsa sub-watershed, Ethiopia, Cogent Food Agric., 6: 1743624.

35.Msanya, B.M., Mwasyika, T.A., Amuri, N., Semu, E. and Mhoro, L. 2018. Pedological Characterization of Typical Soils of Dodoma Capital City District, Tanzania: Soil Morphology, Physico-chemical Properties, Classification, and Soil Fertility Trends. Ann. Adv. Agric. Sci., 2(4):59-73.

36.Mugo, J., Karanja, N., Gachene, C., Dittert, K., Nyawade, S. and Schulte-Geldermann, E. 2021. Assessment of soil fertility and potato crop nutrient status in central and eastern highlands of Kenya. Sci. Rep., 10: 1–11.

37.Mugo, J.W., Kariuki, P.C. and Musembi, D.K. 2016. Identification of suitable land for green gram production using GIS-based Analytical Hierarchy Process in Kitui County, Kenya. J. Remote Sensing and GIS, 5: 3.

38.Musakwa, W. 2018. Identifying land suitable for agricultural land reform using GIS-MCDA in South Africa. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 205: 2281–2299.

39.Mwadalu, R., Mochoge, B., Mwangi, M., Maitra, S. and Gitari, H. 2022. Response of Gadam sorghum Sorghum bicolor to farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Biotechnol., 15: 51–60.

40.Mwendwa, S.M., Mbuvi, J.P. and Kironchi, G. 2019. Land evaluation for crop production in Upper Kabete Campus field, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Chem. Biol. Tech. Agric., 616: 1–10.

41.Nasar, J., Wang, G.Y., Zhou, F.J., Zhou, X.B., and Tabl, K.M. 2022. Nitrogen fertilization coupled with foliar application of iron and molybdenum improves shade tolerance of soybean under maize-soybean intercropping. Front. Plant Sci. , 13: 1014640.

42.Nduwimana, D., Mochoge, B., Danga, B., Masso, C. and Maitra, S. 2020. Optimizing nitrogen use efficiency and maize yield under varying fertilizer rates in Kenya. Int. J. Biores. Sci., 7: 63–73.

43.Nduwumuremyi, A., Mugwe, N.J., Rusanganwa. C.A. and Mupenzi, J. 2013. Mapping of limestone deposits and determination of the quality of locally available limestone in Rwanda. J. Soil Sci. Environ. Manage., 45: 87–92.

44.Nelson, D.W. and Sommers, L.E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Sparks, D.L., Page, A. L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H., Soltanpour, P.N., Tabatabai, M.A., Johnston, C.T., Sumner, M.E. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3: Chemical Methods. Soil Sci. Soc. America J., pp. 961–1010.

45.Nungula, E.Z. 2024. Geographic Information System-based land evaluation and suitability assessment for sunflower Helianthus annus production in Morogoro District, Tanzania. MSc Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.

46.Nungula, E.Z., Mugwe J., Massawe, B.H.J. and Gitari, H.I. 2024. Morphological, pedological and chemical characterization and classification of soils in Morogoro District, Tanzania. Agric. Res., 13: 266–276.

47.Nungula, E.Z., Mugwe, J., Nasar, J., Massawe, H.J., Karuma, A.N., Maitra, S., Seleiman, M.F., Dindaroglu, T., Khan, N. and Gitari, H.I. 2023. Land degradation unmasked as the key constraint in sunflower Helianthus annus production: Role of GIS in revitalizing this vital sector. Cogent Food Agric., 92: 2267863.

48.Nyawade, S., Karanja, N.N., Gachene, C.K.K., Schulte- Geldermann, E. and Parker, M. 2021. Yield and evapotranspiration characteristics of potato-legume intercropping simulated using a dual coefficient approach in a tropical highland. Field Crop. Res., 274: 108327.

49.Nyawade, S.O., Gachene, C.K.K., Karanja, N.N., Schulte- Geldermann, E. and Parker, M. 2019. Controlling soil erosion in smallholder potato farming systems using legume intercrops. Geoderma Regional, 17: e00225.

50.Ochieng’, I.O., Mochoge, B., Rezaei-Chiyaneh, E. and Gweyi- Onyango, J.P. 2021. Optimizing maize yield, nitrogen efficacy and grain protein content under different N forms and rates. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutri., 21(3): 1867–1880.

51.Ochieng’, I.O., Ranjani, S., Seleiman, M.F., Padhan, S.R., Psiwa, R., Sow, S. and Wasonga, D.O. 2023. Increasing rainwater use efficiency, gross return, and grain protein of rain-fed maize under nitrate and urea nitrogen forms. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca., 513: 13293.

52.Ogolla, O.I. 2021. Response of Synthetic Nitrogen Forms on Maize Performance, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Grain Protein Content in Kiambu County, Kenya. Master Thesis. Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.

53.Okalebo, J.R., Gathua, K.W. and Woomer, P.L. 1993. Laboratory Methods for Soil Analysis. A Working Manual.

54.Otieno, M.A., Maitra. S. and Nungula, E.Z. 2023. GIS-AHP technique land suitability assessment for capsicum Capsicum annuum L. production. Int. J. Biores. Sci., 101: 19–30.

55.Otieno, M.A., Danga, B. and Karuma, A.N. 2022. Soil properties and fertility management with respect to Capsicum Capsicum annum L. production in Nairobi Peri-urban Counties. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutri., 22: 374–392.

56.Qureshi, M.R.N., Singh, R.K., & Hasan, M.A. 2018. Decision support model to select crop patterns for sustainable agricultural practices using fuzzy MCDM. Environment, Development, and Sustainability, 202: 641–659.

57.Rahimi, A., Lyons, G., Heydarzadeh, S., Tuncturk, M. and Tuncturk, R. 2023. Effects of vermicompost, compost and animal manure on vegetative growth, physiological and antioxidant activity characteristics of Thymus vulgaris L. under water stress. 2022. Yuzuncu Yil University J. Agric. Sci. , 321: 40–53.

58.Ranjan, S., Sow, S., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., Padhan, S. R., Roy, D. K., Dayal, P., Nath, D. and Kumar, P. 2023. Artificial Intelligence for maximizing Agricultural input use efficiency: exploring nutrient, water and weed management strategies. Front. Environ. Sci., 11: 1243292.

59.Ray, S., Maitra, S., Sairam, M., Sameer, S., Sagar, L. and Divya, B.S. 2024. The Nexus Between Intercropping Systems, Ecosystem Services and Sustainable Agriculture: A Review. Res. Crop, 26: 1166.

60.Ritung, S., Wahyunto, A.F. and Hidayat, H. 2007. Land Suitability Evaluation with a case map of Aceh Barat District. Indonesian Soil Research Institute and World Agroforestry Centre, Bogor, Indonesia.

61.Romeijn, H., Faggian, R., Diogo, V. and Sposito, V. 2016. Evaluation of deterministic and complex analytical hierarchy process methods for agricultural land suitability analysis in a changing climate. Int. J. Geog. Info., 56: 99.

62.Rossiter, D.G. 1990. ALES: A framework for land evaluation using a microcomputer. Soil Use and Management, 61: 7–20.

63.Roy, R.N., Finck, A., Blair, G.J. and Tandon, H.L.S. 2006. Plant nutrition for food security. A guide for integrated nutrient management. FAO. Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition, pp. 348.

64.Ryan, J., George, E. and Rashid, A. 2001. Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory Manual, second edition. Jointly published by the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ICARDA and the National Agricultural Research Centre NARC, pp. 46–48.

65.Saaty, T.L. 2014. Analytic Hierarchy Process. Wiley Stats Ref: Statistics Reference Online, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA., pp. 14.

66.Saglam, M. and Dengiz, O. 2014. Distribution and evaluation of soil fertility based on a geostatistical approach in Bafra Deltaic Plain. Turkish J. Agric. Res., 12: 186–195.

67.Sairam, M., Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Nath, S., Shankar, T., Sahoo, U., Santosh, D.T., Sagar, L., Panda, M., Shanthi Priya, Ashwini, T.R., Gaikwad, D.J., Hossain, A. Pramanick, B., Jatav, H.S., Gitari, H.I., and Aftab, T. 2023. An Insight Into the Consequences of Emerging Contaminants in Soil and Water and Plant Responses. In: Emerging Contaminants and Plants Interactions, Adaptations and Remediation Technologies, Aftab, T. (Ed), pp.1 - 27.

68.Sairam, M., Maitra, S., Sagar, L., Biswas, T., Bárek, V., Brestic, M. and Hossain, A., 2025. Application of precision nutrient tools for the optimization of fertilizer requirements and assessment of the growth and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) in the northeastern Ghat of India. J. Agric. Food Res., 21: 101958.

69.Sanchez-Lozano, J.M., Teruel-Solano, J., Soto-Elvira, P.L. and García-Cascales, M.S. 2013. Geographical Information Systems GIS and Multi-Criteria Decision Making MCDM methods for the evaluation of solar farms locations: A case study in south-eastern Spain. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 24: 544–555.

70.Seleiman, M.F., Aslam, M.T., Alhammad, B.A., Hassan, M.U., Maqbool, R., Chattha, M.U., Khan, I., Uslu, O.S., Roy, R., & Battaglia, M.L. 2021. Salinity Stress in Wheat: Effects, Mechanisms and Management Strategies. Phyton-Int. J. Exp. Bot., 914: 667–694.

71.Shao, Z., Mwakidoshi, E.R., Muindi, E.M., Soratto, R.P., Ranjan, S., Padhan, S.R., Wamukota, A.W., Sow, S., Wasonga, D.O., Nasar, J. and Seleiman, M.F. 2023. Synthetic fertilizer application coupled with bioslurry optimizes potato Solanum tuberosum growth and yield. Agronomy, 138: 2162.

72.Tashayo, B., Honarbakhsh, A., Akbari, M. and Eftekhari, M. 2020. Land suitability assessment for maize farming using a GIS-AHP method for a semi-arid region, Iran, J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci., 195: 332–338.

73.Torrieri, F. and Batà, A. 2017. Spatial multi-criteria decision support system and strategic environmental assessment: A case study. Buildings, 74: 96.

74.Triantaphyllou, E. and Mann, S.H. 1995. Using the analytic hierarchy process for decision making in engineering applications: Some challenges. Int. J. Ind. Engg.: Appl. Pract., 21: 35–44.

75.Verheye, W., Koohafkan, P. and Nachterg, F. 2020. Land Use, Land Cover and Soil Sciences - Vol. II - The FAO Guidelines for Land Evaluation. Available online at http:// www.eolss.net/Eolss-sample.

76.Zdruli, P., Jones, R. and Montanarella, L. 2004. Organic matter in the soils of Southern Europe. http:// soils. jrc.ec.europa. eu/ esdb_ archi ve/ eusoi ls_ docs/ esb_ rr/ n15_ OMsou thEur ope. Pdf.

77.Zephaline, N.E., Mugwe, J., Massawe, B.H.J., Seleiman, M.F. and Ali, N. 2024. GIS-AHP Based Approach in Land Evaluation and Suitability Assessment for Sunflower (Helianthus annus) Production. Cogent Food Agric., 10: 2309831.

78.Zeqiang, S., Zhang, X., Nasar, J. and Harun, G. 2024. Synergetic Effect of Potassium, Biochar and Cattle Manure on the Growth and Yield of Maize, and Soil Physio-Chemical Characteristics. Plants, 13: 3345.